The most common type of this is Fractal images. At a given resolution (zoom level) and position, you can get the tile image by computation.
Other that come to my mind are :
- Algorithmic images, such as an image that displays all possible 8 bits RGB colors.
- An image that displays all characters from the Unicode table. Each character can be made to fit one tile and rendered on the fly as it is needed.
- Rasterized images from vectorial description.